Vic-British+Poetry+Movements

** Victorian British Poetry Movement ** =**Background **= The Victorian Period was from the time period of 1837 to 1901 when Queen Victoria reigned. The poets during this time period were influenced by the previous Romantic Period and its significant poets, namely William Wordsworth, who was the Poet Laureate until 1850, John Keats, and William Blake. During this period, the use of the Sonnet poet form increased. There was also an increase of poetic ideals. During this time period, there was some conformity and repression. The Victorian Poetry Period was between the Romantic Period and the 20th Century Modernist Movement. Victorian poetry is split into two sections of poetry: The High Victorian Poetry and the Pre-Raphaelites. Some High Victorian poets included [|Lord Tennyson], [|Elizabeth Barrett Browning], and [|Gerard Manley Hopkins]. The Pre-Raphaelites was a Brotherhood focused on the art movement during the 19th century. Two of the members of the Brotherhood, siblings [|Dante Gabriel Rossetti] and [|Christina Rossetti], were poets as well as artists. Their poetry reflected interests in the Medieval, visual detail, and European Middle Ages.



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**Ralph Waldo Emerson** ====== Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American poet and transcendentalist leader, influenced by the earlier Romantic period and Hinduism. Emerson was a graduate of Harvard University, the school in which he gave his "The American Scholar" lecture. After leaving his position as a minister of the Second Church of Boston in 1832, Emerson traveled to Europe, where he later met many prominent British literary figures such as Thomas Carlyle, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Some of Emerson's prominent poems include "Concord Hymn" and "The Rhodora." "Concord Hymn" speaks of the first battle of teh American Revolution on April 19, 1775, Battle of Lexington and Concord. The battle was of importance to Emerson because his grandfather had fought in the battle. "The Rhodora," written in 1847, highlights the natural beauty of the rhodora, a common shrub found in many areas.



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**Lord Alfred Tennyson** ====== Lord Alfred Tennyson was a man regarded as an important figure in the Victorian age poetry. Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire. As a young child, he would write poetry similar to the writing style of Lord Byron. After being home-schooled, he was enrolled at Trinity College in Cambridge where he participated in a literary club. He was appointed as Poet Laureate by Queen Victoria in 1850, replacing William Wordsworth as Queen Victoria's favorite poet. Much of Tennyson's works of poetry reflects his moral values. Tennyson published //Poems, Chiefly Lyrical// in 1830, followed by his next book, //Poems//, in 1833. Due to the negative reviews he received for his second book, he stopped publishing for about ten years. When his friend, Arthur Hallam, died, Tennyson started a seventeen year project: the writing of "In Memoriam," dedicated to his close friend. In 1842, the second volume of //Poems// was released, which had much more positive reviews than the first volume. "The Lotus-eaters," "Ulysses" and "The lady of Shallott" were poems that were featured in the second volume. "Charges of the Light Brigade" is one of Tennyso's best known poems, published in 1855. When Tennyson died on October 6, 1892, he was buried in Westminster Abbey's Poets' Corner.



**Robert Browning **
 Robert Browning was born on May 7, 1812. His father collected over 6,000 volumes of books, varying from works in Spanish, French, Latin, Italian, Hebrew, and Greek. Most of the education that Browning received was due to his father and his rare book collection. When Browning was twelve years old, his parents unsuccessfully attempted to have Browning's Byronic verse, "Incondita," published. Later, in 1833, Browning published "Pauline" anonymously. In 1840, he published "Sordello." Although failing in his attempt to write plays, he is well known for his use of diction, symbol, and rhythm. His usage has influenced many 20th century poets such as Robert Frost and T.S. Eliot. Browning met Elizabeth Barrett in 1845 and married her in 1846. It was Elizabeth who inspired Browning's poem collectiion, "Men and Women" in 1855. After Elizabeth's death in 1861, Robert and their son, Pen Browning, moved to London. He then published "The Ring and the Book" in 1868 and "Dramatis Personae" in 1863. "The Ring and the Book" was very popular and highly acclaimed, based off an Italian murder trial. The same day that Robert Borwning died, his volume of verses, "Asolando" was published. Browning went from "Elizabeth Barrett's husband" to a man well-known for his dramatic monologue technique and poetry.



**Elizabeth Barrett Browning**
Elizabeth Barrett Browning was born in 1806 in Durham, England. Although for centuries her family had lived and owned sugar plantations in Jamaica, Elizabeth's father chose to raise his family and children in England. When Elizabeth was twelve years old, she wrote her first poem, consisting of four books of rhyming couplets. Eliabeth was very sick and accident-prone. She developed a lung ailment and suffered a spinal injury after riding a pony. Working through the pain, Elizabeth taught herself Hebrew in order to read the Old Testament. In 1826, Elizabeth anonymously released her collection of poems, //An Essay on Mind and Other Poems.// In 1833, she published a translation of Aeschylus's "Prometheus Bound." In 1838, Elizabeth wrote //The Seraphim and Other Poems.// She als wrote "The Cry of Children," which became immensely popular. After marrying Robert Browning, Elizabeth dedicated //Sonnets from the Portuguese// to her new husband; it was published in 1850. Many critics consider these sonnets to be some of Elizabeth's best work. Being against slavery, a lot of Elizabeth's work has a political theme intertwined within. She showed her support for the unification for Italy in //Casa Guidi WIndows// and //Poems Before Congress.// In 1857, sh published //Aurora Leigh//, depicting the male's dominant power over women. Elizabeth died in Florence, Italy on June 29, 1861. She was known as one of England's greatest female poets. Elizabeth was even a possible candidate to claim the Poet Laureate position after William Wordsworth.





<span style="color: #491849; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 154%;">**Emily Bronte**
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Emily Bronte was born on July 30, 1818 in Yorkshire, England. She, along with her sisters, is well known for writing //Wuthering Heights//, which was published in 1847. Emily, her sisters, brother, and family often wrote about imaginary worlds. Charlotte and Branwell wrote about a world called ‘Angria,’ while Emily and Anne wrote about ‘Gondal.’ Emily went to school at Miss Wooler’s school in 1845, but returned home when she became sick. Her and her sisters travelled to Belgium in 1842, where they studied German, French and literature at Pensionnat Heger. While attending her brother’s funeral, she caught a cold and died on December 19, 1848. She is buried in Haworth, West Yorkshire, England near her parents, sisters, and brother. Some of Emily’s poems include: “A Daydream,” “Last Words,” “No Coward Soul is Mine,” “The Old Stoic,” and “Self Interrogation.”

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<span style="color: #491849; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 154%;">**Lewis Carroll** ====== <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Lewis Carroll was born on January 27, 1832. When he was young, he would perform magic tricks and write poems for his homemade newspapers. In 1854, Carroll graduated from Christ Church College. He liked and was successful in mathematics and writing, oftentimes combining his two skills in works such as //An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, Curiosa Mathematica//, and //Euclid and His Modern Rivals//. Carroll regularly chose children as his models for photography. One girl was Alice Liddell, who inspired Alice from //Alice in Wonderland//. He published //Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland// in 1865 as a way to entertain young girls on a boating trip in 1862. He also wrote //Through the Looking Glass// in 1872. Carroll was a witty person, oftentimes showing in his poems and novels. One of his popular poems was “Jabberwocky,” featuring odd word combinations. Some of his other poems included “A Game of Fives,” “A Valentine,” “Echoes,” “Melancholetta,” and “Four Riddles.” Carroll died on January 14, 1898.

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