Vic-Non-Poetry+Movements

Valerie Pymento Background ** The Victorian Age marked a shift from a way of life based on ownership of land to a modern urban economy based on trade and manufacturing. The Industrial Revolution, as the shift was called, had created economic and social changes. However, the changes arising out of the Industrial Revolution were just one of the radical changes taking place in mid- and late-nineteenth-century Britain. Some other changes that took place were the democratization resulting from extension of the franchise; challenges to religious faith, partly based on the advances of scientific knowledge, especially evolution; and changes in the role of women.
 * Victorian Non- Poetry Movement **
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These issues were present in Victorian literature because of the greater use of newspapers and the periodical press. The expansion of press brought along debate about political and social issues, which in part played an important role in the experience of the reading public. The Victorian novel emphasized the realistic portrayal of social life. It represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters. Also, debates about political representation, including the rights of women, affected literary representation. Voices that weren’t heard before were heard now. Women and factory working writers embraced the opportunity to describe the conditions of their lives. Overall, literature during this time period became more inclusive and democratic. =====

**Charles Dickens**

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Charles Dickens was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian Era. He created some of literature's most iconic characters, with the theme of social reform running throughout his work. Charles Dickens was introduced to the world of the poor very early in his childhood. Working in Warren’s Shoe Blacking Factory, he faced appalling working conditions, long hours, and poor pay. Many of his future characters like Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, and Philip Pirrip would be based on his own experiences. His novels and short stories remain popular even today. ======

He is known for //A Christmas Carol, A Message from the Sea, A Tale of Two Cities, All the Year Round, American Notes, Barnaby Rudge, Bleak House, David Copperfield, Dombey and Son, Great Expectations, Hard Times, Holiday Romance, Hunted Down, Little Dorrit, Martin Chuzzlewit, Master Humphrey's Clock, Mudfog and Other Sketches, Nicholar Nickleby, Oliver Twist, Our Mutual Friend, Reprinted Pieces, Sketches by Boz, The Battle of Life, The Chimes, The Cricket on the Hearth//, and more, including several short stories.

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 * Oscar Wilde **  =====

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Oscar Wilde was author of several short stories and one novel and became one of the most successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London. He is most known for his wit, and one of the greatest celebrities of his time. However, he suffered a downfall when he was imprisoned for two years after being convicted of homosexuality. After being released from prison, he set sail for Dieppe, never to return to Britain again. His essays include: //The Critic As Artist, De Profundis, The Decay Of Lying: An Observation, Pen, Pencil, And Poison- A Study In Green, The Soul of Man Under Socialism, The Truth of Masks- a Note On Illusion, The Rise of Historical Criticism, The English Renaissance of Art, House Decoration.// Some of his plays include //Vera// and //The Duchess of Padua.// =====

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 * John Ruskin **

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> John Ruskin <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> was born on February 8, 1819. He was an English art critic and social thinker, also remembered as an author, poet and artist. His essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. Ruskin first came to widespread atte<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ntion for his support for the work of J. M. W. Turner and his defense of naturalism in art. He subsequently put his weight behind the Pre-Raphaelite movement. His later writings became increasingly complex and personal explorations of the interconnection of cultural social and moral issues and were influential on the development of Christian socialism. His voluminous output and authoritative tone led Ruskin to epitomize the Victorian sage. He began writting a series of articles for //London's Magazine of Natural History//. He soon published //Transactions of the Meteorlogical Society//.

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Anne Bronte was a British novelist and poet, the youngest member of the Bronte literary family. The daughter of a poor Irish clergyman in the Church of England, Anne Bronte lived most of her life with her family at the small parish of Haworth on the Yorkshire moors. For a couple of years she went to a boarding school. At the age of nineteen, she left Haworth working as a governess between 1839 and 1845. After leaving her teaching position, she fulfilled her literary ambitions. She wrote two novels: //Agnes Grey// and //The Tenant of Wildfell// //Hall.//
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> Thomas Hardy was an English novelist and poet of the naturalist movement. While he regarded himself primarily as a poet and composed novels mainly for financial gain, critical posterity regards him among the most important English novelists. The bulk of his work, set mainly in the semi-fictional land of Wessex, illustrates characters struggling against their passions and circumstances. The term "cliffhanger" is considered to have originated with Thomas Hardy's novel //A Pair of Blue Eyes//. In this novel Henry Knight, one of his protagonists, is left literally hanging off a cliff. The story, serialized in //Tinsley's Magazine// between September 1872 and July 1873, became the archetypal — and literal — cliff-hanger of Victorian prose. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">
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Quotes from  [|**Thomas Hardy**] <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; msobidifontfamily: Verdana; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Verdana; msolist: Ignore;">-  A lover without indiscretion is no lover at all. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; msobidifontfamily: Verdana; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Verdana; msolist: Ignore;">-  A resolution to avoid an evil is seldom framed till the evil is so far advanced as to make avoidance impossible. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; msobidifontfamily: Verdana; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Verdana; msolist: Ignore;">-  A woman would rather visit her own grave than the place where she has been young and <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; msobidifontfamily: Verdana; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Verdana; msolist: Ignore;">-  And yet to every bad there is a worse. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; msobidifontfamily: Verdana; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Verdana; msolist: Ignore;">-  Aspect are within us, and who seems most kingly is king. <span style="font-family: 'Verdana','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana; msobidifontfamily: Verdana; msobidifontsize: 11.0pt; msofareastfontfamily: Verdana; msolist: Ignore;">-  Cruelty is the law pervading all nature and society; and we can't get out of it if we would.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN;"> Lewis Carroll, real name Charles Dodgson, was an English author, mathematician, logician, Anglican deacon and photographer. His most famous writings are //Alice's Adventures in Wonderland// and its sequel //Through the Looking-Glass.// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Between 1854 and 1856, his work appeared in the national publications//, The Comic Times// and //the Train, as// well as smaller magazines like the //Whitby Gazette// and the //Oxford Critic.// Most of this output was humorous, sometimes satrical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. In 1856 he published his first piece of work under the name that would make him famous. A romantic poem called "Solitude" appeared in //The Train// under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll."
 * <span style="color: #943634; font-family: 'Lucida Calligraphy'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-themecolor: accent2; mso-themeshade: 191;">Lewis Carroll **




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